Free sample. This preview shows 1 of 1 indicator(s) and 3 of 20 economies, and omits the share, trend, momentum and full year-by-year sections. The complete report is at GET /report/macro-scientific-output for a small USDC payment over x402, as HTML, JSON or CSV. A free machine-readable cross-section is at GET /preview/macro-scientific-output.

Scientific Research Output Report — free sample

Generated: 2026-09-21T08:15:43.403Z | Range: 2015–2025 | Source: World Bank Open Data (CC BY 4.0)

Key findings

This report covers 3 economies and 1 indicator over 2015–2025, containing 27 published observations (82% of the 33 requested year × economy cells). Every figure is reproduced from World Bank Open Data and recomputed into growth, share, trend-fit, momentum, volatility, concentration and data-quality views. Values are also available as JSON and CSV from the same endpoint.

Indicator	Rank 1	Latest value	CAGR / period avg	Trend	Economies	Latest yr
Scientific and technical journal articles	China	932,712	+11.1%	+11.2%	3	2023

Scientific and technical journal articles

China ranks first at 932,712, 63.9% of the group total. Fastest compound growth over the period is China at +11.1% per year; the slowest is Japan at -0.5%. Fitted trend is steepest upward in China (+11.2%, per year of its own mean level, R² 0.969) and weakest in Japan (-0.1%, R² 0.008). Largest acceleration — last three years against the three before — is Japan at -0.7% percentage points. Concentration is high (HHI 0.499, equivalent to 2.0 evenly sized economies). The largest covered value is 9.7× the smallest. 3 economies covered; latest observation year 2023. Coverage note: Bibliometric count; publication lags by two to three years.

Trend index (2015 = 100)

Share of group total, latest year

Ranked detail

Group total (latest year): 1.46M across 3 economies. Group median: 430,843. Average period CAGR of the group: +3.5%. Cross-sectional dispersion: 86.5% of the group mean.

#	Economy	Latest	Share	Index	CAGR	Pctile
1	China	932,712	63.9%	233	+11.1%	100
2	United States	430,843	29.5%	100	+0.1%	67
3	Japan	96,543	6.6%	96	-0.5%	33

Index = latest value as a percentage of the first year (100 = unchanged; blank for series that cross zero). CAGR is compound annual growth. Percentile ranks this economy within the covered group.

Trend and dynamics

Economy	Trend %/yr	Trend R²	Momentum	Half-period shift	Volatility	Latest YoY	Peak / trough yr	Outlier years
China	+11.2%	0.97	-1.5%	+0.3%	4.7	+5.3%	2023 / 2015	—
United States	+0.5%	0.22	-3.0%	-1.4%	3.0	-3.7%	2021 / 2015	—
Japan	-0.1%	0.01	-0.7%	-0.7%	3.5	-5.7%	2021 / 2023	—

Trend is the ordinary-least-squares fit of value on year, reported with its R² — how much of the movement the straight line explains, as a percentage of the period mean level so economies of different size are comparable. Momentum is the mean change of the last three years minus the mean of the three before it, in percentage points. Half-period shift compares the second half of the window against the first. Volatility is the standard deviation of year-over-year change. Outlier years exceed 2.5 standard deviations from that economy's own average change.

Data quality

Economy	Published	Expected	Coverage	Span	Missing years
China	9	11	82%	2015–2023	—
United States	9	11	82%	2015–2023	—
Japan	9	11	82%	2015–2023	—

Full year-by-year data

Economy	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
China	401,136	430,350	464,154	513,575	608,625	671,731	756,203	885,963	932,712
United States	429,258	431,808	435,377	441,100	442,657	453,890	471,378	447,539	430,843
Japan	100,597	101,167	101,854	101,999	100,156	100,403	106,310	102,423	96,543

MethodologySeries are pulled from the official source API and null observations dropped. CAGR = (end/start)^(1/years) − 1. Index uses the first year of the range as 100. Trend is an OLS fit of value on year, reported as a percentage of the period mean alongside its R². Volatility = standard deviation of year-over-year percentage change (percentage points). Momentum compares the last three years against the three before. Share = economy value ÷ sum of the covered economies. HHI = sum of squared shares; its reciprocal estimates the number of evenly sized economies. Cross-indicator correlation is Pearson's r on pooled year-over-year changes.
CoverageRequested: 1 indicator(s) × 3 economies × 11 years = 33 cells; published: 27 (81.8%). Sparse indicators are declared in the Data quality section of each indicator.
FormatsThis document is the HTML delivery. Append ?format=json for the full structured payload (series plus every derived metric) or ?format=csv for the tidy long-format panel. The JSON schema is published at /schema/report.json.
LicenceData © World Bank Open Data (CC BY 4.0), attribution required. Generated by an automated pipeline; research reference only, not investment advice.
DisclaimerValues are reproduced as published by the source; some years may be estimates, nowcasts or subsequently revised figures. Correlations are descriptive statistics, not causal claims.